Thank you.

How many people are there in the world? You like that, Jen? That's pretty funny, isn't it? Yeah. Jen knows. She's probably seen enough variation in somebody that's considered a baseball player, right? And the many different ways in which they do things. You can see it. Anybody that's ever worked with a group of athletes, you will see there will be similarities, of course, in body types. Like if you get a swimmer, they all kind of look the same. But when you get field athletes and stuff like that, they do things so differently. It's not fun. They got a lot of variation on the thing. But that's why I started by constructing archetypes is to give me a frame of reference, knowing full well that there's no way I can know everything. But I gotta start somewhere. I gotta have, like I said, I gotta have a frame of reference that allows me to make influential decisions. And so I construct these things and I say, these are the behaviors that would go with that representation. Somewhere in the world, there is somebody that is like the worst case scenario narrow and the worst case scenario wide. Out of what, 7.7 billion people? Surely, like if we just did side-by-side comparisons of the whole world, eventually we're gonna find the one person that is like, oh, wow, this is like the textbook. And then the other one is like, this is like the textbook. Everybody's somewhere in between. It just gives you a point to start. And then you do stuff and you go, what happened? And you go, that was good. Let's do more of that. Or you go, that was bad. Let's not do that again. That's training. That's how you do it. At its simplest representation, that is how you do it. So one of my favorite movies is Unbreakable because it gives you the exact representation they just talked about. So Bruce Willis, greatest actor of our time, is unbreakable. He's a superhero. He doesn't get sick. He doesn't get hurt. He's at one extreme. And then you take Mr. Glass at the other end and he breaks, he's fragile. We always have these extremes somewhere in the world. We just use them as starting points.

Yes. Shorter.

And then it kicks in, right?

Definitely. Wonderful. Thanks, Bill.

So if I'm going to move the right leg forward, I have to be able to turn the sacrum to the left to get that leg out in front of me.

Okay. Because muscles can't lift them.

I got one more. Is that OK? OK. So differentiating. So cable chops, like I've been playing around and I love that. And I always think of that for like wide ISAs or unloading them, right? For expansion and a little bit of a little bit of rotation. But like you used it in a narrow. Absolutely. What's the thought process? Is it the same? Is the goal different or is the same?

It's certainly a confirmation of what's going on at the pelvis. So let's just think about the earliest possible representation in a right oblique is you're going to have an early propulsive foot on the lead foot, which would be the right foot. The farther forward you get pushed because you can continue to go forward. So if I start doing this right oblique and I can keep shoving that right oblique forward, I have space that I can do that. I can lose all of my internal rotation by shoving you all the way forward. So I tip you in the right oblique and I shove you from behind. That's basically what I'm doing. So I can steal that early representation in the foot. If I push you farther forward, then what you're going to see instead of that early representation of the foot is you're going to start to see it look like it's in the middle, right? So in the early right oblique, I'm going to see a foot with straight toes in line with the first metatarsal. But if I shift the center of gravity forward, guess what? The foot will invert, right? So think about the pelvis moving over top of the foot now, and then you're going to see a foot that looks like that. I can still be on the right oblique; I'm just farther forward. So this is somebody, typically on a right oblique, what you're going to see is you're going to see the loss of external rotation on the right, and you're going to see the maintenance of internal rotation on the right unless you get pushed farther forward. Then you're going to start to see the loss of internal rotation. Well, I got to get it somewhere, so the anterior orientation of the pelvis becomes my substitution for hip internal rotation, but it's still going to be demonstrated in the foot because the foot's got to go into an internal rotation position. You see it? Right. So basically you're defining how far forward you are under those circumstances, and that's the loss of internal rotation. So the anterior orientation tells you via loss of external rotation, and the forward displacement of your center of gravity tells you by the loss of internal rotation. All right.

Yeah. Yeah. I know they're not the same, but I definitely was helpful understanding what's happening internally. So thank you. Yeah.

Good, I appreciate that.

Yeah, exactly. It's like as soon as I said that, you got a picture in your head of one of those moments in time where you were in the midst of it. And you remember it every time. And the detail is still very, very, I could tell you the very first car accident I was in, it was a rainy day. We were going to a bowling alley. The car slammed on its brakes right in front of my mom. And sure enough, we slammed right into the back. You know, and I was like, I think I was like nine years old at the time. So my association was, oh, it's a car accident. The car is going to explode, right? So I was like, that was really emotional. It's like, I remember that very, very clearly.

Okay.

You feel like you're getting shoved from behind?

Yeah. If she can tolerate the load on the anterior knee in the lazy bear position, I suggest you think pelvic orientation first and then go there because, even in all fours, people that get anterior knee pain do so because they don't have the yielding action available to her. That's a nice little test for you as well. It's like the minute you put her in all fours and you ask how her knee is, she'll say it's fine. But you really need to clarify with her: do you feel anything that you don't like in that knee? Because she'll assume that it's normal for her to feel that stuff in kneeling, okay? But she shouldn't, because if the tissues yield, you don't feel anything. Right? So that's going to be a nice little test for you.

Okay. So let's use the shoulder example first. All right. So if we look at the way that the lungs fill, if you're taking your breath in because of gravity, it's kind of like filling up a glass of water. So the lung would fill from the bottom up. We're going to assume upright stance under these circumstances. As the lungs fill, there's certain space that you would be able to take up. I would have to have certain expansion capabilities to fill that lung up. Based on the way that it fills, it actually provides us a physical shape that allows us to access movement. So that's what we're doing. When we're measuring people on the table, what we're doing is we're using these movements to identify where you can expand it and where you compress. If you compress, there is typically going to be a limitation in a specific range of motion. So when we're talking about horizontal abduction in the shoulder compared to flexion, there's going to be different spaces in the posterior rib cage where we're going to be able to expand to be able to access those movements. Because what I have to be able to do is change the physical shape of the rib cage, the position of the shoulder blade relative to the upper arm bone, relative to the humerus to be able to access some motion. So when we're talking about something where we would use like a horizontal abduction test in the shoulder, that's going to be representative of part of the dorsal rostral area. So the dorsal rostral areas means the upper back real simple. But we're going to talk about a very specific area, which is probably going to be somewhere in the general vicinity of sort of the middle of the shoulder blade to the bottom of the shoulder blade. And again, we're talking about gradients of fill here. So it's not going to be an exact thing, but again, we can use it sort of as a target. So when we talk about dorsal rostral expansion, this is what we're talking about under most circumstances. So that horizontal abduction measure is going to tell me that you can or cannot fill up that space. If we're gonna go overhead farther, that means I need more fill higher up into the rib cage. So now we're gonna talk about that space that's above what I just talked about. So now we're talking about sort of that middle of the shoulder blade all the way up to the top of the shoulder blade, which is gonna be roughly, it's gonna be somewhere between from T2 is the top of the shoulder blade to the middle is about that T5 area. So we're going to talk about filling up that space and for me to access an overhead reach in external rotation.

Okay, so for a client who has difficulties with clenching at night and during the day, what would you suggest for some solutions and why would the client be doing this?

Like you can, you can vomit up anything that you want, right? I mean, you can throw terminologies and everything and it'll seem, you know, somewhat interesting, but mostly just confusion. And if you do that, it's no longer useful and people don't walk away with any interest whatsoever. So you have to decide, do I want to sound smart? Because I can repeat information or do I want to give them something that might be useful in regards to some form of a model that might allow them an advantage in regards to their ability to treat people.

So again, very, very strong electromagnetic effect. How do we know? Well, in the same study, they took a hip joint that had arthritis. So on the weight-bearing surface, there was no cartilage. They did the same compressive test, and they got the subchondral bones to touch because there was no cartilage in the way to create this electromagnetic effect and keep the joints apart. So kind of a big deal. Now, synovial fluid has little protein things that are floating around. Proteins are negatively charged and then they would attract positive charges, just like two magnets. So you take the north end of one magnet, the south end, and then they snap right together. And so we have these proteins that are surrounded by positive charge. We get more positive charges. And so now the synovial fluid itself helps us create that middle positively charged area that keeps the joints apart. So for those of you that have had arthritic changes and some wonkiness in your knees, if you will, that have had the synvisc injections, what they're doing is they're injecting you with water that has protein and it helps restore some of that mechanism, which is why you might feel better for a little while until the effect is no longer intact. So we have structure, we have mechanics, we have electromagnetic forces that keep the bones apart. So if they keep the bones apart, how on earth do we get arthritic changes? So now we got to look at the synovial joint a little bit closer. So when we look at the structure of the synovial joint, on either end, as long as we maintain our hyaline cartilage intact, it appears that we can keep our bones apart. So we have to look at what affects that hyaline cartilage, and we say, oh, pressure, tension, blah, blah, blah, blah. But the reality is, Highland Cartilage gets its nutrition from the bony side, so you'll see the little arteries that I drew on my picture here, and that blood supply is what gives the nutrition to the cartilage, so it diffuses from the bloodstream towards the Highland Cartilage on the bony side. Well, if I put enough pressure and tension on those bones, those trabecula will compress. If the trabecula at the ends of the bone compress enough, I restrict the blood flow to the ends of the joint. Now, these trabecula can also fracture. So, you know, you play 15 years in the NBA, you're probably going to get some fracturing of those trabecula. They're kind of like shock absorbers. If you ever driven on the on the interstate and you see the trash barrels right below the abutment of the overpass and what those are, they're trash barrels filled with water so if you drive off the road and you hit them it'll slow you down so you don't slam right into the bridge. Tribecula kind of the same way. They're kind of like shock absorber so they're filled with with space and water and so when you land they compress but they can fracture over time and then you compress and then the subconvial bone actually gets denser and so you'll see this in arthritic research well this they'll see the the precipitating changes of the So condor bone gets denser and denser and denser. Well, that's gonna reduce our blood flow to the cartilage. The cartilage will slowly wear away and it gets thinner and thinner and thinner. So now we're losing our electromagnetic effect. So now we can't keep the joint farther and farther apart. And so now we do get compressive strategies that will actually become destructive. And so again, on that end, that's pretty much how I see a lot of these arthritic changes occurring because it's a pressure-related phenomenon. It's a blood flow-related phenomenon. and nutrition to the cartilage. By the way, discs do the same thing. Okay, don't tell anybody. Now, how do we get medial compartment versus lateral compartment? So now we gotta think about our propulsive strategies. So our propulsion strategies are what we apply into the ground. And so propulsion in and of itself is biased towards internal rotation. So we have to apply pressure into the ground. So remember when, when we evolved, we were, we were actually rotated. We were swimmers. We came up on land. We had to learn how to internally rotate and press into the ground. And so Johnny, when we talk about the internal rotation, I got to internally rotate my femur. because I got to drive down into the ground through internal rotation. So more often than not, I'm going to be applying a little bit more force towards that medial compartment as I internally rotate the femur to push into the ground. And so if we talk about the pressure mechanism that we just talked about in regard to the arthritis, that's why we would probably see the bias towards more medial compartment problems than lateral compartment problems because we're applying forces into the ground. We have to just because of

Right. And again, with a chin up, it's really hard to do that. The bending of the bar thing tends to be more associated with pressing activities. Because when you think about the difference between the press, it's like I have to lower the weight into a position. And to get to that position, I need extra rotation. And so the force of ER is what you're doing. You're trying to drive extra rotation because that's where my space is going to be created to allow me to move into that position because the compressive load of the weight might be so much that I cannot actually rotate at all. And so I have to provide an influence that buys me whatever few degrees of range of motion I need to complete the lift.

That's what getting Jim stronger, Grace, Jim stronger, right? That's what getting Jim stronger is. So for me to perform a squat with a heavy barbell, I have to have enough relative motion. So my femur and my knee, right? Or my femur and my tibia have to be able to bend for me to squat down. Well, that's relative motion there. Right? So I have to be able to do that. So what that means is, is that I have now increased the coordination of my system to produce the upward force or the force into the ground that's gonna allow me to push upward and still capture enough eccentric orientation to move. Okay. Just enough, just enough. The stronger I get, the more concentric orientation I need, and I still need enough eccentric orientation. That's how, so that's when your strength starts to top out, right? You can't get any stronger because I need so much upward force that I give up my eccentric orientation and I can't move anymore.

this sacrum moving back on the ilium because I've got to turn the sacrum towards the right side. I've got to turn the lumbar spine towards the right side. The lumbar spine can't turn in that direction if I'm internally rotated on this side. So I have to have this representation of external rotation. Now, does that mean there's no internal rotation? Absolutely not, because I have to create this first and then I can actually turn into this hip. And so again, I'm starting to superimpose internal rotation on top of my field of external rotation that is created by my early propulsive representation of the pelvis. So, let me reach over here. Give me one second. I gotta grab my foot. So now, if we talk about foot position, and you'll see this on just about every golfer, but when I see my foot position, I've got this early propulsive representation of the foot that's going to look like that as they move into their backswing. But I want to make sure that I hang onto this first metatarsal head because if I pick that up off the ground, I am in a compensatory strategy. And so you'll see this in people that do not have their full field of external rotation. They try to internally rotate on top of it and they don't have enough rotational capabilities. So they end up picking up their big toe off the ground and they can still turn, but it becomes an over-rotation. And if I can recapture the first metatarsal head as I perform my downswing, a lot of good things can still happen. But if I don't do that, then I'm all over the place. I'm going to hit thin. Who knows what the clubface is going to do actually under those circumstances. And so if you're spraying the ball all over the place, I would start looking at your right foot position. If we look at the thorax, we're going to have the same concept that we have in the pelvis. So where I was creating that yielding action in that early propulsive representation, I'm going to have a thorax that looks like basically the same shape. I'm going to create a delay in that right side of the thorax. I'm going to have an expansive strategy in the right side of the thorax, and that's what's going to allow me to turn. So turning is both sides moving forward at the same time. It's just that one side is moving faster than the other, and that's what produces the turn. So I have the delay on the right, I have overcoming on the left, and that's what produces my turn into my backswing. Now, Johnny, your question about the internal rotation representation. So if I am moving from my expanded inhalation, ER strategy, early propulsive representation in the backswing, I need to get to IR. So that's going to turn the sacrum straight ahead. I'm going to IR both ilia. And I'm going to be in this exhale position. This is my high force producing strategy. So this is my IR representation. So I went from an ER here to an IR in the middle. This is where the pelvic outlet is going to become concentrically oriented. It's going to produce my force upward. It's going to squeeze. I'm going to compress. And this is my high force producing.

I'm understanding correctly, you're saying oftentimes there's a substitution occurring at the spine in the person with excessive external rotation, right? And then for internal rotation, the excessive internal rotation would be more like just because of the way the hip socket is oriented, there's just more IR available at that 90 degrees.

Okay. I'm going to allow you one client to work with. One, it's all you get. The perfect client for Nate is who?

Do you get bigger or do you get smaller when you take a breath in?

But hang on. So what does the tricep extension provide you that might work? It's not a bench press. So I get less compressive strategy here. And now I can access internal rotation of the shoulder and the lockout, right? If I do something that's bilateral and symmetrical, maybe I still get some compression that stops me from accessing the full excursion of the extremity. Then I need to do something else that doesn't have as much pressure involved, that creates enough yielding strategy so I can access the motion first. Then I slowly superimpose the intensity back on, right? And that allows me to counter position. Have you ever noticed that people top out and plateau in strength, and then you change the program and they slowly get stronger and stronger again? Because the mechanics are different; the strategy that I'm utilizing has to be different. And that might allow me to access something that the previous program stopped me from getting. Too much pressure stops motion. That's what it's supposed to do. That's why strength training becomes interference for dynamic athletes at some point. Their force production goes up and up and up, but to capture that force production, they have to reduce the amount of motion they have access to. It's a give and take. That's how you know how strong somebody needs to be at that moment. Get them as strong as humanly possible until it becomes interference.

So what would you train? How would you train to overcome that?

Okay. The two big tests that I use for knees is extension inflection. where the pain is, is initially less of a concern. Like the location can kind of tell you a little bit about the knee. So if I have like a medial knee pain, I tend to have a femur that's internally rotated on an externally rotated tibia. If I have lateral knee pain, I tend to have a tibia that is so far externally rotated that it dragged the femur with it. So they're both kind of turned outward, right? So under those circumstances, you can tell the medial lateral stuff. when you have an anterior, like just kind of like that broad generalized kind of anterior knee pain kind of a thing. So think about it's like I'm driving force through the knee from posterior to anterior under most circumstances, which means that I don't have turns available to me, right? So I'm gonna load it straight through the knee. And so when you think about, you understand what a screw home is, right? Okay, so do they have screw home, which means that I should have some representation of if we talk about traditional extension measures you're probably going to get five to 10 degrees of hyperextension in a knee passively, and then I should have healed to butt flexion. Okay. Those are the two biggies for me. It's like, can I extend the knee and can I flex the knee fully? And so if I can't, that means I have a rotational problem. So when you say decent hip range of motion, not really sure what that represents, but let's just say that you've cleaned up the hip and the pelvis and the actual skeleton and so everything looks all fine and wonderful there and then you go to the knee and you go, oh, they're like four or five inches from heel to butt. And so that would be indicative of somebody that probably can't internally rotate the tip enough to bend the knee to normal range. And so that's where I would spend my time. So the goal is to provide the human being with as many options as possible so they can select what they need to do within any frame of context from a movement statement.

Yeah, it's just a normal jump off the box and land, stick it perfectly with great technique. Okay. My argument would be that it's actually the exact opposite because the minute I have that weight on my back, I'm loaded. It's instantaneous. Are you saying that when you unrack the weight and you're standing with it on your back, and you initiate the squat, the tissues are instantaneously loaded? The rate of loading is instantaneous; it's already there. As you jump, what I want you to do is look at the two activities in slow motion in your head. As you jump off the box and make initial contact with the ground, the tissues are loading over a longer period of time—not a long period of time, but a longer period of time. In the back squat example, the load is already there and instantaneous. In the jump off the box, the tissues elongate over a longer period of time. That's actually a yielding action because I have to store energy in those connective tissues. If I'm loaded instantaneously in the back squat, I need an overcoming action because if I were to yield, I'd accelerate toward the ground.

I'm not trying to push people towards something that they have no capacity to reach. I will never be an NBA basketball player. I'm not even going to try because I know I can't do it. Kind of along the same lines. Okay, so what we have is an ISA that helps us determine part of the structure that's going to determine the behavioral bias of this human being. So, now we gotta talk about how do we measure this thing? So I've got a video on YouTube that shows you how to measure this. It's gonna help you determine whether you're biased towards a wide or a narrow. And there's a certain way that I do it, so go watch the video please, and then you'll have a really good idea of how this happens. I don't give a rat's patootie about the number, but I'm going to give you a heuristic to start you, because what you need, you need something to guide your thought process. So we're going to say that if the angle looks kind of like it's close to 120, it's going to be a wide. If the angle is kind of close to 60, it's going to be a narrow. And you go, oh, wait a minute, halfway between 120 and 60 is 90, so 90 must be optimal. No, no, no, no, no. Don't chase that. All you're trying to do is you're trying to determine what this person's structural bias is going to be. Will that angle change to some degree? I hope so if they don't have movement in the ISA, because what we need is that ISA to move as a representation of a diaphragm that moves and an axial skeleton that has reacquired adaptability. That's what it's for. Once you start measuring these things, what you're going to do is you're going to say, oh, this is a wide and this is a narrow, and the numbers are going to slowly disappear from your mind, and you're going to start to represent the bias. If you're not sure, make your best guess as a human being, intervene, and then pay attention to what happens. The goal here is to narrow the probabilities of your success. It is not to chase a number. It is not to chase an optimal. Real quick, so if you read Shirley Sarman's stuff, she's gonna talk about moving the shoulders into full flexion during this ISA test. I think that's a mistake because to get your arm fully overhead, the ISA has to reclose, which means that you're gonna have some false positives towards your narrows and you're gonna have some of your wides look like they do have a dynamic ISA. So please follow the instructions in my video. Zoe, I hope this helps you to some degree. Stop chasing numbers, get the goniometers off everybody's rib cages.