Good morning. Happy Monday. I have neuro coffee in hand and it is perfect as usual. It is a beautiful Monday. The sun is starting to come up. It's still cold. I'm wearing a hoodie. I'm a little disappointed in that considering that it's a big month. But let's go ahead and dive right into the Q&A because I got a question from Zhang who is very, very prolific in the Q&A section. He's got a question about female clients with narrow ISA. He says, I notice in my female clients, mostly with narrow ISA, that a lot of them have an anterior pelvic orientation. One way I use to promote the posterior pelvic orientation is by using the heel ramp and queuing them to tuck. So he's talking about with a squatting activity, I believe. But I see very little improvement. Is this a good strategy for a narrow ISA? Will it promote further inhalation bias which defeats the purpose of creating the posterior orientation? Okay, so first thing we wanna do is we wanna deconstruct this and we wanna identify what we're really looking at to begin with. Let me grab the pelvis. It is way over here. Here we go. All right, so I'm gonna turn this around so you can see from behind. So, Zhang, what you're dealing with primarily is the fact that when you have this narrowing of the ISA, you're gonna have a posterior compressive strategy near the apex of the sacrum, so the lower part of the sacrum, right from the get-go. So this is the difference between the wides and the narrows, is that the wide is gonna have this space open to start, the narrows are gonna have this space compressed. Then you're gonna see a later compensatory strategy where you're gonna get the posterior compression farther up, which is near the base of the sacrum, and then that's gonna start to drive this anterior orientation. Here's the dealio with some of your narrows. When you try to get a posterior orientation, especially with the heel's elevated squat pattern, what you're going to see is you're going to see even more closure. They're going to actually compress this. These are your little butt squeezers. These are the people that I say that they're hiding $100 billion here and you're never going to get it back. It may not be the best cue, but you do have a strategy that that may work. So one of the things that you have to recognize about the posterior compressive strategy at the base of the sacrum is that this musculature picks up IR moment, an internal rotation moment as it pushes the pelvis forward. So under these circumstances, if you want to use the heel's elevated squat variation, what you're going to want to do is you're going to want to put a band around their knees. Now this is not the push the knees out into the band kind of a strategy. This is maintaining a parallel orientation of the femurs in line with the knees in line with the feet as they're squatting so what you're doing is you're holding position against the resistance of the band and what that does is it allows this musculature at the base of the sacrum to eccentrically orient. Now you're going to start to see the ability to counter-nutate normally as you would see with an inhaled bias of the axial skeleton. Because what your narrows with this posterior compression have is they can't get the sacrum to move under those normal circumstances. So the band becomes very, very useful under those circumstances. You have alternative strategies as well. So in some cases, in some cases, body weight is just too much load for some people to manage through these dynamic movements. And so you have to unweight them. And so this is where we start to use alternative positions like quadruped, prone inversion activities work really, really well. Something as simple as a child's pose in yoga can be the solution here. Once you recapture enough hip extension, then move them to half kneeling progressions and you'll see a pretty monster change at that point. But you've got to get them from this position where they've got this anterior orientation first. And like I said, one of the easier strategies is just simply to add the banded squat rather than just using the heel's elevation as the only influence there. So hopefully, Jeng, that answers your question there. We have to do a quick Q&A because I got a bunch of mentorship calls today. Looking forward to this week. If you have any questions, send them to askbillhardman at gmail.com, askbillhardman at gmail.com, and I'll see you guys tomorrow.

This is maintaining a parallel orientation of the femurs in line with the knees in line with the feet as they're squatting, so what you're doing is you're holding position against the resistance of the band and what that does is it allows this musculature at the base of the sacrum to eccentrically orient. Now you're going to start to see the ability to counter-nutate normally as you would see with an inhaled bias of the axial skeleton. Because what your narrows with this posterior compression have is they can't get the sacrum to move under those normal circumstances. So the band becomes very, very useful under those circumstances. You have alternative strategies as well. So in some cases, body weight is just too much load for some people to manage through these dynamic movements. And so you have to unweight them. And so this is where we start to use alternative positions like quadruped, prone inversion activities work really, really well. Something as simple as a child's pose in yoga can be the solution here. Once you recapture enough hip extension, then move them to half kneeling progressions and you'll see a pretty monster change at that point. But you've got to get them from this position where they've got this anterior orientation first. And like I said, one of the easier strategies is just simply to add the banded squat rather than just using the heel's elevation as the only influence there.

Where would you start with someone like this? So this is an extreme case and it's going to give us an opportunity to show how to move somebody out of this and recapture a lot of that full excursion of breathing and movement because this is really an extreme case. This is somebody that is sort of at the end game of the superficial compensatory strategies that I talk about. And so let's create that representation for us. I'm going to grab the pelvis, as I usually do. So if I have a wide ISA and I have limited excursion of breathing, that means that my ISA and my IPA are going to match. So I'm going to have an exhaled position of the pelvis. So the IPA is going to be wide. Now, to get to the position that Jimmy's asking about, under most circumstances, your wide ISA, wide IPA is going to have this mutated sacrum. And so I'm going to have this space posteriorly. So this allows me to be a good hinger and not a great squatter. And I can produce high levels of force. I use a lot of high pressure strategies. And again, so I'm going to typically have this orientation. What Jimmy's describing though, requires that I have this final compressive strategy where I'm actually going to bend the sacrum down. So I'm going to compress this area. And under most of these circumstances, I'm going to lose both internal and external rotations. And so again, that's just layers of superficial compressive strategies on top of the normal archetype that's going to result in that. So I'm going to lose ERs and IRs. So I have very limited excursions available to me to use for activities before I would hit another compensatory strategy. So if I was to take somebody with this posterior compression that Jimmy's asking about, they won't even have 90 degrees of hip flexion available to me unless they want to compensate. So right away I've taken a number of exercises off the table, so to speak, because I can't move them into this position because they just don't have the capacity to do so. But while it is a limiting factor, it also points my programming into a very, very specific direction. And so I'm going to hold up my little graphic here that I drew out for the camera. I have two cameras by the way. So I'm just going to hold it up there until I see it get visualized. So there it's clear in the little camera and then there's one for the big camera. So what I want you to do is go ahead and take a screen capture of that. And again, so you have a representation. So you see the blue square in the middle. Is any direction that we want to go but with limited excursion and then you're going to see the red rectangle is where we're going to try to expand movement first and foremost. Okay, so I want to have a wide ISA and I have this this compressor strategy all the way up and down. For me to try to force a turn under those circumstances is very, very difficult to do. They have limited hip flexion. They have limited hip abduction. They have limited hip extension. And then all their traditional ERs and IR measurements are going to be limited. So I have to stay within this small square of movement. So instead of a split stance type of an activity, I'm going to use a staggered stance. So my feet would be just offset. And then I'm going to drive a number of different reaching patterns or pressing patterns, but I have to use angles that are below shoulder level. So let me give you a for instance on this. So we would have a staggered stance high to low cable press, which would keep the pressing motion below shoulder level. And I'm just offsetting the feet. And so I'm going to gradually move into these turns. Because again, if I try to go too far into a turn, all I'm going to do is create this massive orientation of the whole system, which is not really a turn. It's just changing what direction that I'm facing. And I want to create the ability to actually turn and rotate. So I got my water balloon, so another visual aid today. And so I have somebody that's compressed anterior to posterior. So this is looking down on somebody. And so they're compressed. So if I try to turn them too far, all I do is get this. And that's not really a turn. That's just a reorientation of the entire system. What I want to try to do is I want to try to create compression on one side, expansion on the other side. And if I can do that, with my activities, that's going to actually start to restore my ability to create turns in these people and start to restore the rotations. And so if you go back to the red rectangle, those are going to be activities where I'm going to start to deviate from center outward to the sides. So I'm going to start with lateral stepping. So consider if I was doing conditioning with somebody like this, we'd be doing sideways sled drags, or I'd be doing suitcase carries, because what those activities do is they could create compression on one side, expansion on the other, compression on one side, expansion on the other. And this is how I'm going to start to improve the excursions and restore their ability to turn, because once again, if I try to force this, all I'm going to do is get compensatory strategies. So staggered stances, pressing and pulling below shoulder level, lateral movement. So this is where your side lunges, your side split squats, your low step ups come into play because that's what these people need because they only have a limited excursion in their peripheral joints and so we have to take advantage of what they do have and then slowly progress them out of that. So Jimmy, this is such a great question. If you're in the rehab side of things, these are the people that you're going to want to put into sideline because we take advantage of gravity. So if I put you on your side and you're compressed A to P, what happens is, and you can see in my balloon, so I get I get all the guts falling down towards the bottom and so that creates expansion on one side and compression on the other. So sideline becomes very important. I start to build people up from sideline. So now we're talking about immature oblique sits, mature oblique sits. This would be something that would progress eventually into side planks and such if we're talking about moving into gym activities. So right away you should start to be thinking about how you're going to be able to write this program for somebody like this. It's not difficult to write the program. What is difficult is identifying the representation of what you're looking at first and foremost. And then the program kind of just writes itself because when you understand the needs of this individual, again, it becomes very, very, very easy to write. So hopefully that gives you some guidance, Jimmy. If I didn't answer your question sufficiently, then please do so. Oh, by the way, the asymmetrical ISA element of this. No different than anything else. You just have two different representations. So you have a shape change on one side that is opposed to the other. You're going to follow the same rules that we just talked about. One side's going to be able to go a little bit more into your posterior. One side's going to have to go a little bit more side to side, but the rule still applies. So again, hopefully that answers your question.

is any direction that we want to go but with limited excursion. And then you're going to see the red rectangle is where we're going to try to expand movement first and foremost. Okay, so I want to have a wide ISA and I have this compressor strategy all the way up and down. For me to try to force a turn under those circumstances is very, very difficult to do. They have limited hip flexion. They have limited hip abduction. They have limited hip extension. And then all their traditional ERs and IR measurements are going to be limited. So I have to stay within this small square of movement. So instead of a split stance type of an activity, I'm going to use a staggered stance. So my feet would be just offset. And then I'm going to drive a number of different reaching patterns or pressing patterns, but I have to use angles that are below shoulder level. So let me give you a for instance on this. So we would have a staggered stance high to low cable press, which would keep the pressing motion below shoulder level. And I'm just offsetting the feet. And so I'm gonna gradually move into these turns because, again, if I try to go too far into a turn, all I'm going to do is create this massive orientation of the whole system, which is not really a turn. It's just changing what direction that I'm facing. And I want to create the ability to actually turn and rotate. So I got my water balloon, so another visual aid today. And so I have somebody that's compressed anterior to posterior. So this is looking down on somebody. And so they're compressed. So if I try to turn them too far, all I do is get this. And that's not really a turn. That's just a reorientation of the entire system. What I want to try to do is I want to try to create compression on one side, expansion on the other side. And if I can do that with my activities, that's going to actually start to restore my ability to create turns in these people and start to restore the rotations. And so if you go back to the red rectangle, those are going to be activities where I'm gonna start to deviate from center outward to the sides. So I'm gonna start with lateral stepping. So consider if I was doing conditioning with somebody like this, we'd be doing sideways sled drags or I'd be doing suitcase carries, because what those activities do is they could create compression on one side, expansion on the other, compression on one side, expansion on the other. And this is how I'm going to start to improve the excursions and restore their ability to turn because, once again, if I try to force this, all I'm going to do is get compensatory strategies. So staggered stances, pressing and pulling below shoulder level, lateral movement. So this is where your side lunges, your side split squats, your low step ups come into play because that's what these people need because they only have a limited excursion in their peripheral joints and so we have to take advantage of what they do have and then slowly progress them out of that.

pressing and pulling below shoulder level, lateral movement. So this is where your side lunges, your side split squats, your low step ups come into play because that's what these people need because they only have a limited excursion in their peripheral joints and so we have to take advantage of what they do have and then slowly progress them out of that. So Jimmy, this is such a great question. If you're in the rehab side of things, these are the people that you're going to want to put into sideline because we take advantage of gravity. So if I put you on your side and you're compressed A to P, what happens is, and you can see in my balloon, so I get I get all the guts falling down towards the bottom and so that creates expansion on one side and compression on the other. So sideline becomes very important. I start to build people up from sideline. So now we're talking about immature oblique sits, mature oblique sits. This would be something that would progress eventually into side planks and such if we're talking about moving into gym activities. So right away you should start to be thinking about how you're going to be able to write this program for somebody like this. It's not difficult to write the program. What is difficult is identifying the representation of what you're looking at first and foremost. And then the program kind of just writes itself because when you understand the needs of this individual, again, it becomes very, very, very easy to write. So hopefully that gives you some guidance, Jimmy. If I didn't answer your question sufficiently, then please do so. Oh, by the way, the asymmetrical ISA element of this. No different than anything else. You just have two different representations. So you have a shape change on one side that is opposed to the other. You're going to follow the same rules that we just talked about. One side's going to be able to go a little bit more into your posterior. One side's going to have to go a little bit more side to side, but the rule still applies. So again, hopefully that answers your question.

We've had a series of great calls, great people coming on there, so it's been really fun, so I want to continue with that. And we'll try to continue with that as long as we can, even when things try to get back to normal, we're going to try to maintain that. So very cool. Now, let's go to the Q&A. So we've got a question from Greg. And Greg says, under what circumstances might you see a narrow ISA presentation with significant limitations in dorsal rostral expansion? Would you consider it common for these findings to be restricted on one side? And then he wants to know a little bit about intervention. So let's talk about this. Let me bring in the model here. Okay, so dorsal rostral, the space up here in the upper back. So this is where you have a lot of expansion during a breath in. And so if this becomes restricted, you get an alteration of scapular position. And if I change the scapular position, I immediately create a constraint as to what motions will be available. And so when we talk about dorsal rostral, I'm gonna leave that here for a second. We talked about dorsal rostral expansion. When we lose that, we lose our external rotations. And so if you've been following along, you know that all we have are ERs and IRs. We don't have all these other imaginary planes to play in. And so we're gonna have to monitor our external rotation. So it's not just the pure external rotation. So we're talking about horizontal abduction. We're talking about flexion. So when I lose dorsal rostral expansion, I'm gonna lose my ERs. under what circumstances with a narrow, now we're talking about a compensatory sequence. And so when we look at the sequence of events that arises from people with an axial skeleton that is biased towards inhalation with a compensatory exhalation strategy, so it's a narrow ISA. Under those circumstances, the dorsal-rosperal compression happens a little bit later in the sequence. So a lot of times what you're gonna see is you're gonna see loss of internal rotation in the shoulder first, followed by the loss of external rotation. So in most cases, when you have a dorsal rostral compression in a narrow ISA individual, you're going to lose measures in both directions. So keep that in mind. And that's how you're going to be able to distinguish rather easily, whether you've got this dorsal rostral compression on the narrow. So as far as seeing it unilaterally, absolutely. So you're gonna see people with a number of strategies to manage all the internal and external forces. And so some of those people are going to be utilizing a much more asymmetrical strategy. So it's very, very common in fact, to see a more bias strategy on one side versus the other. And so dorsal rostrum compression is just like any other compensatory strategy. If I need it, I'm going to use it. And so very often you'll see it at one side and the other. And then it's just a matter of using an asymmetrical activity when we're trying to restore movement options. So if I'm trying to restore expansion to the dorsal rostrum area on one side, both sides of the body are not going to be doing the same thing. It doesn't mean that you couldn't use asymmetrical activity and be successful. It just means that you're probably going to be more successful and more likely to recapture the movement options that you wanted if you're using a more asymmetrical activity. Now, when we talk about those compensations, and then our strategies to intervene. I've got a number of resources up there. So if you go to the YouTube channel, Greg, there's a bunch of stuff for Dorsal Rostrel. There's a seeded variation of Dorsal Rostrel expansion, which I love to give to people that work at desks because they can intermix this activity with their regular desk activities all day long. You'll see another one that uses a squat variation when we're talking about a better band pull apart. There's a video up on, I believe, Instagram and on the YouTubes as far as that goes. So those are really, really good strategies. The thing that you're going to want to do though when we're talking about creating expansion in this area is you're going to avoid that 90 degrees of shoulder flexion position for the shoulder and for the hip, at least initially. And the reason I say initially, because eventually you want to be able to utilize that position and create a yielding strategy in the dorsal rostral area, because we do need the ability to expand and delay our ability to compress that area when we're talking about turning athletes, so baseball pitchers, tennis players, golfers. They need to be able to compress that area to create their force output, but they also need yielding and overcoming strategies to be able to alternate to actually produce their turning. So this is a great question, Greg. But understand, let's back up a little bit and do a quick review. Narrow ISAs, the dorsal roster is going to compress a little bit later than if I was a wide ISA. I need to recapture that so I can recapture my external rotation measures. It will present unilaterally, so I need to make sure that I can produce eccentric orientation of that area to create that full expansion but then I'm going to have to superimpose a challenge to it to allow it to be concentrically oriented but yielding to produce rotation in high speed, high force rotational athletes. So Greg, I hope that's helpful for you. Great question. Keep them coming. Happy Wednesday to everybody. Remember chips and salsa tomorrow and the Coffee and Coaches Conference call in the morning at 6 a.m. I'll post the link. on my Facebook page right before the call tomorrow morning. So I'll see you guys tomorrow.

If I need it, I'm going to use it. And so very often you'll see it at one side and the other. And then it's just a matter of using an asymmetrical activity when we're trying to restore movement options. So if I'm trying to restore expansion to the dorsal rostrum area on one side, both sides of the body are not going to be doing the same thing. It doesn't mean that you couldn't use asymmetrical activity and be successful. It just means that you're probably going to be more successful and more likely to recapture the movement options that you wanted if you're using a more asymmetrical activity. Now, when we talk about those compensations, and then our strategies to intervene. I've got a number of resources up there. So if you go to the YouTube channel, Greg, there's a bunch of stuff for Dorsal Rostrel. There's a seeded variation of Dorsal Rostrel expansion, which I love to give to people that work at desks because they can intermix this activity with their regular desk activities all day long. You'll see another one that uses a squat variation when we're talking about a better band pull apart. There's a video up on, I believe, Instagram and on the YouTubes as far as that goes. So those are really, really good strategies. The thing that you're going to want to do though when we're talking about creating expansion in this area is you're going to avoid that 90 degrees of shoulder flexion position for the shoulder and for the hip, at least initially. And the reason I say initially, because eventually you want to be able to utilize that position and create a yielding strategy in the dorsal rostral area, because we do need the ability to expand and delay our ability to compress that area when we're talking about turning athletes, so baseball pitchers, tennis players, golfers. They need to be able to compress that area to create their force output, but they also need yielding and overcoming strategies to be able to alternate to actually produce their turning. So this is a great question, Greg. But understand, let's back up a little bit and do a quick review. Narrow ISAs, the dorsal roster is going to compress a little bit later than if I was a wide ISA. I need to recapture that so I can recapture my external rotation measures. It will present unilaterally, so I need to make sure that I can produce eccentric orientation of that area to create that full expansion. but then I'm going to have to superimpose a challenge to it to allow it to be concentrically oriented but yielding to produce rotation in high speed, high force rotational athletes. So Greg, I hope that's helpful for you. Great question. Keep them coming. Happy Wednesday to everybody. Remember chips and salsa tomorrow and the Coffee and Coaches Conference call in the morning at 6 a.m. I'll post the link. on my Facebook page right before the call tomorrow morning. So I'll see you guys tomorrow.

I'll post the link on my Facebook page right before the call tomorrow morning. So I'll see you guys tomorrow.

All right.

It is Thursday. It's chips and salsa day. I have neuro coffee in hand. Everybody, I hope you have your coffee. Mine is perfect.

Our gym offers both boxing and strict conditioning, among other services. We have mostly dropped group classes and transitioned to one-on-one sessions to accommodate space. Our facility is 10,000 square feet, which is quite large. This change was primarily due to having many youth clients. They actually want to train more frequently, but we are limiting access at this point. Additionally, if people are present to work out, we require masks and implement extra cleaning protocols beyond our normal standards.

Just make people happy, like we always have. Rules have not changed. The context is a little different. So you're providing a service, provide the best possible service for your client.

Have you found that some of the base movements are a challenge for some of these kids, like skipping, jumping? Do you know what I mean?

Yes. So what I essentially do is I create a PowerPoint presentation. They have videos and I do a screen share. And so I'll literally have the video demonstration and I'll coach and queue through it. And then it literally still takes kids probably like a good four or five sessions before they finally understand like, oh, this is what he's like trying to have me do. So I'm not sure if it's just a miscommunication on my part or it's just like an inability for them to understand like the visual to the motor?

Well, in many ways, you're developing both skills from a physical perspective. If it is a motor planning thing to a comprehensive ability to be able to follow directions and be able to apply that to their skill set. Absolutely.

Here's the interesting thing about all this stuff is because of opportunities or the demands that have been placed upon everyone. I notice that there's more people outside, like a lot. We live in this condominium community, which is usually empty. You wouldn't know anyone else lived here, and I rarely see another human being. Now I have to be really careful when I take my dog out because he's a little rambunctious little guy and gets excited around people. I've seen more kids on bikes in my neighborhood in the last two months than ever. We've been here eight years, and I just hope this is one of those things that continues from a public health standpoint.

These are more just like clarification questions about risk exam. Um, so you like to use that opposition test. Is that am I more likely to have an increase in ulnar deviation if I don't have full pronation?

Apple.

Yes. Yeah. Um, is that am I more likely to have an increase in ulnar deviation if I don't have full pronation?

It's a big maybe. So that's why you have to do the test because the confounding variable is whether I have an eccentrically oriented abductor pollicis longus. Under those circumstances, that muscle right there—if it is eccentrically oriented—what you'll get is the differential between the hand and the forearm. So if I have to drive pronation harder, I will drive the opponents harder to push the thumb this way. And so the forearm stops pronating, but the hand can't keep going. So that's an eccentrically oriented abductor pollicis longus. What will happen is where you should not have ulnar deviation. So when the forearm is pronated, I should not have ulnar deviation. It should be blocked because as the forearm pronates, the radius actually moves relatively in that direction, which appears to move ulnarly, positioning the wrist into radial deviation. So I should have a block to ulnar deviation. I should have a block to extension. However, if I drive opponents hard enough to create even more pronation, the hand will twist relative to the forearm. Now, that is eccentrically oriented, and you do have ulnar deviation. So now you know what you need to reorient to recapture normal wrist behaviors, because if that stays eccentrically oriented, then I have all sorts of mobility where I shouldn't. You'll see a lot of lateral wrist pain during pronated activities. But if I try to drive extension, they load the medial or the radial side of the wrist. So you get radial wrist pain on that side, like if I'm doing a pushup or a press—they hurt right there. And that's how you know it's a twist. When you don't have the eccentrically oriented abductor pollicis longus, you get pain right over the lunate, dead center. So you can actually kind of distinguish whether I have a twist in the hand or if it's just the pronation that's the problem. And that's how you distinguish between the two.

We're really just talking about a pronated hind foot of the wrist.

That is correct, sir.

Cool. Thank you.

And finger flexing can offset that, right? So they have to really hold their hand fairly straight.

So yeah, the Boy Scout sign is what you do. On the DVA, you hit the barrier, which becomes the abductor pollicis longest tendon. When you release it, it should go a little farther into radial deviation. That would be normal. If you go all the way over, release it, and it stays in that position, you've passed what would be the relative normal. You already have more space here and less space to begin with, so it doesn't go any farther. That's how you distinguish whether you have that eccentric orientation. That's been money as far as exercise selection—intervention is obviously the most important. If I do have that eccentric orientation, did you see the video I did yesterday with the curl? A lot of people miss the thumb part, which is where the key is. Why do you scoot over on the dumbbell? You're literally pushing your thumb against the inside of the dumbbell because people think they're just driving hardest for flexion, but I'm also reorienting the hand relative to the rep.

So when would it be advantageous for me to pull the trigger on trying to program something that's going to take a very long time to create that adaptation without any way of me knowing directly if that adaptation is actually necessary and is occurring as I think it's going to occur.

You don't. You can't, right? So if there's no way to measure it, it doesn't mean that it doesn't influence your decision making. This is the part about being informed. Like when people talk about energy production and they want to talk about like the specifics of energy, the energy systems, which is really cool to understand. It's like that's in the background of your understanding. But when it comes to the application, what you have to do is you have to program for the outcome. So that's where like a field test. So something like a yo-yo test for a soccer player comes into play. It's like we equate performance in that test with some adaptation that is favorable for performance, right? And so that's kind of what we rely on. So it's just like us relying on movement as a representation of every system in the body, right? You have to say, okay, so if I produce this adaptation that because of my understanding of the sciences, I should be able to acquire some of this adaptability, well, how would it be represented in performance and then that's your field test. Right. So I would do like a six minute run or the 12 minute run for for aerobic capacity or the test or even a vertical jump or whatever. Right. We have to use a representation. So we have to use a model that allows us to determine whether we are promoting the adaptations that we're seeking, right? So you have to have some representation of it.

Just because I understand like with all of our table measurements, those are multifactorial as well. But we can at least somewhat tease out, okay, based on this individual, based on their certain presentation, what may more likely be causing the presentation that we see, but just from an energy system standpoint, I at least don't have a model to accurately guide me towards which of all of these different variables that create whatever performance thing I'm measuring, which one is really the one that I need to be chasing. So that's kind of true.

And you may never know at all, which is, again, that's why we're going after outcome. But see, this is why understanding the science to some degree is important, is because it provides you that theoretical foundation to make a decision from. You say, well, okay, so I need to increase endurance. So that implies that I'm going to be promoting some enzyme development, mitochondria construction, et cetera. You have this theoretical foundation of understanding, and then it's like, okay, if I was to do this, what parameters would I want to impose to promote this adaptation? And then you say, okay, so yo-yo test improved, so okay, I was right. Whether you're right or whether you're wrong, you got the desired results. So we have the theoretical, we have the understanding that influences our capabilities of making a decision. Then we have the pure application of producing the outcome.

Yeah, this kind of brings to mind athletic development in general. That's not quite as straightforward as, hey, I'm a powerlifter and I want to put 200 pounds on my squat. There are a lot more variables, and it's hard to know if training with you the last six months actually improved their performance.