First things first, let's talk about how we got here in the first place. We're going to break out the skeleton here a little bit. My skeleton just happens to have this beautiful wide ISA, right? And if we turn him sideways, you can see that he's actually kind of compressed too, which is kind of cool when you think about it, that I didn't even ask for this and this is what I got. So, when we're talking about the wide ISA and they lost internal and external rotation, what we've had is a series of compressive strategies that allow us to manage our center of gravity on two legs, but what ultimately results in this is as we compress, We're going to lose our ability to move the scapula. We're going to increase the concentric orientation of superficial musculature. And then ultimately what we're going to do is we're going to lose our internal and external rotations. The same thing is happening in the pelvis as it is in the thorax. And so we're gonna lose hip range of motion and shoulder range of motion. Under certain circumstances, this is totally expected. It's associated with training, high force production. So very, very strong individuals may demonstrate this and be perfectly fine and perfectly happy. Under other circumstances, this might cause discomfort, pain and progressive degeneration of structure. And so again, in some cases we like it, in some cases we don't, we just have to turn this into a management process. Now, the thing we want to keep in mind is as we move through this, as we compress and we start to lose rotations, our wide ISA biases towards internal rotation. And so as we compress, we're going to be biased more and more towards that. And then so our external rotation strategy then becomes an orientation. So what happens every time is we can press, move towards IR, we lose ER, and then we turn our extra rotation strategy into orientation. We turn the sockets into extra rotation. So we change the shape of the ilium, we change the shape of the thorax, and we start turning our sockets outwards. So eventually they point straight out to the sides. And then what ultimately happens is we lose our gradient within the joint. So we have a fluid gradient that allows us to move through space, and we will eventually lose that so if there's no gradient there's no movement so again very very useful if my goal is high levels of force production like say a powerlifter or something like that where I'm willing to give up range of motion for higher force production and for lack of a better term greater stability but ultimately it becomes so stable that it just doesn't move well so our first goal here Josh is to restore a gradient first and foremost whether we're talking about internal or external rotation now let me throw a few perspectives at you that that may be helpful so if we think about the evolutionary order of things Back when we were swimmers and before we evolved on to land creatures, we were very biased towards external rotation. So if you watch a frog swim in the water, they're very very biased towards external rotation. Their propulsion is towards IR, but they're still very very biased towards ER. So as we walk out of the water and we become land-based creatures, we have to internally rotate to be able to propel against gravity and maintain our position against gravity. So from an evolutionary perspective, what we want to do is we want to chase external rotation first. It came first. It's easier for us to recapture. There is a predominance of external rotation in movement versus internal rotation when we think about the grand scale of things as well. Now, from an embryological standpoint, you personally evolved in your mother's womb in external rotation, and then you gained internal rotation later on. And so if we think about evolution, we think about embryology, right away we gotta say, okay, ER bias is what we're gonna chase first. Now, from a logical standpoint, what we're going to have is we're going to have limitations in internal and external rotation under these circumstances because of the loss of gradient, but we're probably going to have some range of external rotation that's going to be available to us, assuming that we're still capable of moving through space to some degree. And so these are going to be our lower ranges. of what we would consider traditional flexion so as you stated that zero to 60 kind of a range is is where we're going to have to start to work and so it stands to reason if that's the range that we have available to us this is what we're going to try to access and then we're going to try to regain some expansion under those circumstances so that's going to be an ER bias as well. So step one as we go through this process, eliminate interference. So anything that reinforces the compressive strategy is going to become interference for us. And when we're trying to recapture the segmental movement that you're speaking of. So things like, Oh, they would classify this as horizontal pressing or probably going to be interference. Anything that's high force output that requires that I use a breath hold is going to be interference because it's reinforcing our compressive strategy. And again, if we're trying to restore gradients, we just can't have that. So again we're going to move towards that lower end of extra rotation. Now to capture more of that extra rotation or to move us towards the internal rotation capabilities which is which is further up the chain so to speak in regards to the range of motion we may have to get you off your feet because what we have to do is we have to gain eccentric orientation of a musculature that's interfering with our ability to move. To do that we have to reduce the forces so sometimes we actually have to reduce the force of gravity to do that and so we take you off your feet that reduces the internal forces that we produce ourselves and it reduces the external forces that are associated with gravity. So under those circumstances, sideline activities, gentle rolling activities are great ways to start to reshape the thorax and the pelvis, as well as just taking advantage of the change of the direction of gravity to promote that anterior posterior expansion that we need to gain eccentric orientation and start to recapture some of these ranges of motion and allow us to reorient the scapula and the enombment. I would point you towards certain videos that would promote the Sanctuary Postier Expansion, especially Dorsal Rostral and Postier Expansion. So the Dorsal Rostral Expansion videos on YouTube, there's a better band pull apart. And I actually think I have one on end game wide ISA strategy, so I would check those out. As far as training goes, you're going to want to use short staggered stances because again we can't go into the deeper elements of flexion because we're just going to dive right into some form of compensatory strategy that we probably don't want to reinforce. So again, staggered stance. There's some arm training videos that I have posted that will show. Useful stances and useful positions of the upper extremities. So then as you gain hip and shoulder range of motion and so we can approach this 90 degree of traditional shoulder flexion, now we can start to reinforce with reaching activities. pushing and pulling activities, half kneeling strategies and such. I posted a half kneeling breakdown last week. You might want to check that one out because it's going to reinforce some of the concepts that we're talking about here when we're talking about what you see in certain orientations in half kneeling. The one thing that I would stress to you, Josh, if your goal is to recapture ranges of motion, then you're going to make sure that you got to breathe through these activities because the minute you start associating a breath hold or using any form of forced exhalation strategy during these activities, you're just reinforcing the compressive strategy. You're not going to recapture your gradients and you're not going to recapture your internal and external rotations. So I hope that leads you in a certain direction that is useful. Again, check that out. The video is on YouTube. I fast you guys. I will see you later this afternoon. Everybody have a great Monday and I'll see you tomorrow.

In some cases we like it, in some cases we don't; we just have to turn this into a management process. Now, the thing we want to keep in mind is as we move through this, as we compress and we start to lose rotations, our wide ISA biases towards internal rotation. So as we compress, we're going to be biased more and more towards that. Then, our external rotation strategy becomes an orientation. So what happens is every time we press, move towards IR, we lose ER, and we turn our external rotation strategy into orientation. We turn the sockets into external rotation. So we change the shape of the ilium, we change the shape of the thorax, and we start turning our sockets outwards. So eventually they point straight out to the sides. Then, what ultimately happens is we lose our gradient within the joint. So we have a fluid gradient that allows us to move through space, and we will eventually lose that. So if there's no gradient, there's no movement. Again, this is very useful if my goal is high levels of force production, like say a powerlifter or something like that, where I'm willing to give up range of motion for higher force production and, for lack of a better term, greater stability. But ultimately it becomes so stable that it just doesn't move well. So our first goal here, Josh, is to restore a gradient first and foremost, whether we're talking about internal or external rotation.

From a logical standpoint, we will have limitations in internal and external rotation under these circumstances due to the loss of gradient, but we probably have some range of external rotation available, assuming we are still capable of moving through space to some degree. These will be our lower ranges of what we would consider traditional flexion. So, as you stated, that zero to 60 kind of range is where we're going to have to start to work. And so it stands to reason, if that's the range that we have available to us, this is what we're going to try to access and then we're going to try to regain some expansion under those circumstances. So that's going to be an ER bias as well. Step one as we go through this process: eliminate interference. Anything that reinforces the compressive strategy will become interference for us when we're trying to recapture the segmental movement you're speaking of. So, things like, they would classify this as horizontal pressing or probably going to be interference. Anything that's high force output that requires that I use a breath hold is going to be interference because it's reinforcing our compressive strategy. And again, if we're trying to restore gradients, we just can't have that. So again, we're going to move towards that lower end of external rotation. To capture more of that external rotation or to move us towards the internal rotation capabilities—which is further up the chain, so to speak, in regards to the range of motion—we may have to get you off your feet. What we have to do is we have to gain eccentric orientation of a musculature that's interfering with our ability to move. To do that, we have to reduce the forces. So sometimes we actually have to reduce the force of gravity to do that, and so we take you off your feet—that reduces the internal forces that we produce ourselves and it reduces the external forces that are associated with gravity. So under those circumstances, sideline activities, gentle rolling activities are great ways to start to reshape the thorax and the pelvis, as well as just taking advantage of the change of the direction of gravity to promote that anterior-posterior expansion that we need to gain eccentric orientation and start to recapture some of these ranges of motion and allow us to reorient the scapula and the ilium.

As far as training goes, you're going to want to use short staggered stances because again we can't go into the deeper elements of flexion because we're just going to dive right into some form of compensatory strategy that we probably don't want to reinforce. So again, staggered stance. There's some arm training videos that I have posted that will show useful stances and useful positions of the upper extremities. So then as you gain hip and shoulder range of motion and so we can approach this 90 degree of traditional shoulder flexion, now we can start to reinforce with reaching activities, pushing and pulling activities, half kneeling strategies and such. I posted a half kneeling breakdown last week. You might want to check that one out because it's going to reinforce some of the concepts that we're talking about here when we're talking about what you see in certain orientations in half kneeling. The one thing that I would stress to you, Josh, if your goal is to recapture ranges of motion, then you're going to make sure that you got to breathe through these activities because the minute you start associating a breath hold or using any form of forced exhalation strategy during these activities, you're just reinforcing the compressive strategy. You're not going to recapture your gradients and you're not going to recapture your internal and external rotations.

And then there are going to be circumstances that we just can't control. All of these injuries tend to be multifactorial, especially in dynamic situations. But with that in mind, let's do a quick review of some foot stuff. And then I'll actually show you a little bit of a progressive strategy that you might be able to utilize. At least conceptually, you'll be able to use this that may actually help you improve the ability to produce these forces during the propulsive days, especially with cutting and such. So we grab our foot. Remember we've got a heel rocker, ankle rocker, toe rocker—that's kind of common vernacular. What we're going to say is when we're landing, we're going to be landing in this early propulsive foot strategy. So we're going to have a higher arch, we've got a tibia that's going to be externally rotated. Now, this is not a force-producing position under most circumstances. If you try to produce force under this circumstance, you're going to tend to want to roll laterally. Again, this is the mechanism for your typical lateral ankle spring. Just like Philip was saying, we want to get that medial calcaneus down to the ground. So during this ankle rocker phase, what we've got is the tibia that's internally rotating. We're moving towards the traditional pronation, which gets the medial calcaneus down to the ground, and it moves us through the middle propulsive phase towards max propulsion where we're going to apply the greatest force into the ground, which is at that point of maximum pronation. Okay, so we have to be able to capture this middle phase of propulsion and then max propulsion as a protective mechanism against this ankle sprain, but it's also our highest force-producing phase. Once again, we go back to: are we really preventing injuries, or are we just preparing people effectively? And again, I lean towards the preparation side of things.

And so he's going to maintain tibial internal rotation, medial calcaneus on the ground, hip internal rotation. Once we can do this statically and maintain control where we have the maintenance of hip internal rotation, now we want to start to add some dynamic element to it. So he's just going to drop into the split squat and then try to capture this exact same position. So he's got to absorb some more force. He's still got to be able to maintain the medial calcaneus contact and again continue to capture internal rotation. Next, we can add a rotational element into this externally rotated position. So we're driving a force into external rotation that he's going to have to resist to hang on to that medial heel, hang on to the internal rotation. And again, we've increased the forces that he's going to have to withstand. We can magnify that even further. So we're going to use a water bag in this situation, which has some momentum to it that he's going to have to control as well. So this teaches us how to manage some of these internal forces that we produce within ourselves that we also have to manage as part of this dynamic movement. Once we do that, we can move through this full middle propulsive phase with something as simple as a sprinter step up. So he does the step up, he's moving the ankle through an earlier phase of this middle propulsion and he goes all the way through to the end of propulsion and we can actually increase load and stress. And so now we've established this relationship from the ground all the way up. So we've got control at the pelvis, we've got control at the ankle. Once we do this, we bring it back to the ground and we just slowly increase the dynamics and the forces. So we might start with something that looks like an A-march. And this is going to take the foot into the position of max propulsion where the calcaneus is going to start to break from the ground. And this is actually the point where we're going to produce maximum force. And then, once again, we just increase the dynamics so this becomes and a skip we can eventually break people into to any number of like the mock drills or any kind of sprinting drills if we're working on change of direction we move them into the dynamics of sort of flatter cuts where the load is a little bit less and then finally we get to where we were produced maximum force with a really sharp cut where we're moving in and out. All the while, we're gonna monitor him for the ability to make sure he gets the medial calcaneus to the ground. We can do so in any number of means, but again, I think hip internal rotation is always a great way to monitor that because if we can hang on to the internal rotation, then we know we have at least the mechanics that are available to us to keep that medial calcaneus to the ground.

And we can do so in any number of means, but again, I think hip internal rotation is always a great way to monitor that because if we can hang on to the internal rotation, then we know we have at least the mechanics that are available to us to keep that medial calcaneus to the ground. So Phillip, I hope this gives you a little bit of a representation of what I was talking about. And again, keep in mind, this is not an absolute progression of any kind. There's a lot of baby steps you can take in between all of the things that I've shown today.

So we're going to assume a narrow ISA. We're going to assume because we have limited extremity excursion that we don't have normal breathing, so we don't have full excursion breathing, so we know we're going to have a narrow IPA as well. We've lost external rotation on both sides, so by the archetype, I still have about 100 degrees of excursion, but I've lost external rotation on both sides. That means I've got to have an anterior orientation. Now, I'm limited in hip flexion and I'm limited in straight leg raise, which is rather severe, especially in the straight leg raise. That means that because I've got an anterior orientation here, I know that I've got posterior compression above the trochanter, but my hip flexion measure and my straight leg raise tell me that I've got this compressive strategy below the level of the trochanter as well. Now, the one confounding measure is that we have what appears to be normal hip internal rotation on the left versus the right. So what we have here is a little bit of a right-hand turn. If we go through space-time, we're going to go through our archetype and anterior orientation, and there's going to be a little bit of a left rotation here, like so. And what that's going to do is it's going to point the acetabulum down and forward, and that's where you actually recapture some of that internal rotation. Now, where this is actually coming from is we've got a twist that's up here right above the pelvis. The way we know this is because if we had a left turn of the lumbar spine and we had a sacral base that could yield back on the left-hand side, our hip flexion measures and our straight leg measures would go up, even if we did have this posterior compression, because what we would do is we would get a rollback on the measure as they're laying on the table, which would magnify the hip flexion and straight leg measures. Since we don't have that magnification, we know that we've got this compression and a turn to the right. We also know that we have traditional extensions pushing forward on both sides because we've got the anterior orientation on both sides, but it's just biased a little bit towards the left. And again, that's why we pick up this hip internal rotation. Another thing to remember is that if I've got this scenario in the lumbar spine and the pelvis, I'm going to have the same scenario in the upper thorax and the lower cervical spine. So often this might be why you're seeing left-sided neck pain and left-sided low back pain. Now, we can't say exactly why, but that might be it. So you're going to want to pay attention to left shoulder flexion. As you recover left shoulder flexion, it's also going to be indicative of the fact that you're reducing the right rotation that you've created through the lumbar spine and the pelvis because you're bringing it back in the upper thorax and the lower cervical spine at the same time.

So as you recover left shoulder flexion, it's also gonna be indicative of the fact that you're reducing the right rotation that you've created through the lumbar spine and the pelvis because you're gonna bring it back in the upper thorax and the lower cervical spine at the same time. Okay. Now, plan of attack. We've got to reduce the anti-orientation. We've got to expand. We've got to expand the outlet of the pelvis. We've got to create a yielding strategy. So we want to create a yielding strategy on the left and a propulsive strategy on the right. So a couple things that we can do right off the bat. If you want to go manual, you can do a scapular decompression. You get dorsal rostral expansion on the left side. There is an allele decompression manual technique that you can use. It's a little personal, and so we want to only use that if we really, really need to. From an exercise standpoint, what we're going to do if we need to, we'll start them in a supine hook line position. One, we got to keep them below the level of their restriction in hip flexion, so we don't go into a compensatory strategy, but they're going to be somebody that puts, you put something between their knees to squeeze to create the internal rotation. So you offset that posterior lower compressive strategy, which is going to drive them into an early compensatory hip external rotation. So now if you throw on a left yielding strategy and a right propulsive strategy on top of that, you got a really big bang that might clean up a ton of stuff all at once. This can then become a supine cross-connect activity. So this is a little counterintuitive. because you think about, well, Bill, if I take that opposite knee into too much hip flexion, I'm going to create a compensatory strategy. Yes. And we're actually going to take advantage of this. So when I put somebody in supine, I bring the right knee towards the chest and they hit where that compensation It would start if I can keep the knee biased towards midline, what's going to happen is they're actually going to roll towards the left side and actually help us create the yielding strategy on the left posterior aspect of the pelvis and the thorac. So this is actually really, really cool that we can use something like this. The thing you have to do is make sure that you maintain the left hip in an internally rotated position as they do so. So again, you might want to go hook line and then supine cross connect. The cool thing about the supine cross connect is this becomes a left supine arm bar in the gym. if that's where we're going to move this person.

Once we can capture consistently our hip measures then we can turn this into a rolling arm bar to the left and again all we're doing is reinforcing left yielding strategy, right propulsive strategies and again we're just feeding the position that we need to restore our normal movement options. Okay, so Austin, I hope that gives you a couple of ideas on how to approach this thing and you understand what you're looking at. If you don't and you have more questions, please send them to askbillhartman at gmail.com, askbillhartman at gmail.com. And tomorrow is Thursday. Guess what? Coffee and Coaches Conference Call is back. So I will see you guys at six a.m. tomorrow. Have a great day. Tomorrow's chips and salsa day too. All right, see ya.

All right, so when doing an RFP split squat like a rear foot elevated split squat, with your foot elevated, okay, right? Would you rather the big toe be in contact with the bench or the top arch of the foot? You'll see people try to use different strategies. And I get that it might reinforce different patterns on the opposite hip that you're training, but I guess it is context specific. What have you found to be like your go-to?

Yeah.

But, um and I guess it is context specific, but like what have you found to be like your go-to?

Do you want to know what the difference is?

Yeah, let's go over it.

Okay. So this is actually useful to know. I don't know how valuable it is from a return on investment standpoint, but the difference is where the load on the back leg is going to go as far as the contribution of joints. Okay, so if you are in an ER position of the foot. So there'd be like plantar flexion/supination, which would be like the dorsum of the foot is supported on a bench or something like that. You're going to use more of the backside hip to push yourself up and out of the split squat. Okay, keep in mind that when you elevate the rear foot, you shift load anteriorly anyway. So if you look at the last research that I saw, they were using a bench, and I can't remember how high it was, but it's like a typical gym bench. And I think that the maximum load to the front leg that they could produce was 85% of the total load. So it was body weight load plus bar, right? But if you use one of those padded bars and you hook your foot over it and you dorsiflex, you use more of the backside knee to distribute the load onto the back leg. Once again, it's not terribly valuable, but I can see little tweaks here and there that it might be useful to distinguish between the two. But it's also going to direct you towards where somebody might be lacking some movement that will influence the position and the outcome of the split squat, right? So think about as I sit down, so if I have the dorsum of my foot supported, knowing I'm going to load, like I'm going to be pushing through what would be traditional hip extension coming out of that. It's like, okay, is that really what I want to do? Or do I want to shift more of that load to the hip extension on the lead leg? And so again, people would call this single leg training. It's like, well, okay, if I get two feet in contact with something I'm using both sides, it's just how am I using it. And again, it's a subtle, but if you do both of them, like just go to the gym today and do both of them, you'll feel the difference. You'll feel the difference in where you're distributing the load. But you can manipulate the height as well. And again, that's going to push some of that load more towards the back. The question is, what do you want the outcome to be? I have people that come in and they say, well, don't I have to do a split squat this way? And it's like, well, no. There are many ways to execute. It just depends on your intended outcome.

I have a client, female, with a narrow stance, typical presentation. She goes down two inches in a goblet squat and then drops, with knees caving in and everything. It's really a sight to see. From a progression standpoint, would you recommend box squatting with the goblet still held anteriorly, or would you recommend some sort of back squat variant to reinforce more compressive strategies?

Well, OK, so here's what could potentially happen if you went straight to the back squat. So because of the position of load and the strategy to hold bar position, you're going to increase, you're going to create a compressive strategy in the upper thorax that's going to drive pressure downward.

OK. So because of the position of load and the strategy to hold bar position, you're going to increase, you're going to create a compressive strategy in the upper thorax that's going to drive pressure downward. So the first question that you want to ask is why is this person accelerating towards the ground in the first place?

Because of the position of load and the strategy to hold bar position, you're going to increase a compressive strategy in the upper thorax that's going to drive pressure downward. So the first question that you want to ask is why is this person accelerating towards the ground in the first place?

They can't manage pressures internally.

And that's a great answer. Now explain it.

As soon as they reach a certain point, pelvic bones reorient and the guts spill straight down.

Right, so they're just following where the volume is going. So we can only move into a space that we can expand. That's how we move. We move into a space by expanding. So we can press somewhere and then we expand somewhere else and that's the direction that we go. When you see someone accelerating straight down into a squat, they're expanding straight down. So the pelvic diaphragm is most likely eccentrically oriented. And so they're going to follow where the expansion goes. More often than not, when you see that acceleration, it's somebody that cannot produce enough concentric orientation to resist or reverse directions. So if anybody, since we went over everybody's PR deadlift, let's put a PR squat on your back for a second. If you've ever had a scenario where you sat down into a very, very heavy squat and you started to come up and you went right back down, that's the same scenario. It's not that you don't have concentric orientation. You just can't produce enough pressure to overcome the downward forces that are associated with the external load and the internal pressures at the same time. So it's literally the same scenario. What would you do under those circumstances to raise your ability to come up out of that deep squat with a very, very heavy load? It's the same strategy that you're going to use for anybody else. So do they have to back squat? Is there a reason that they would have to back squat? If there isn't, then what I would do is establish some element of control in a position that you can be successful first and foremost. So if I want to make a pretty squat first, which is probably under most circumstances what your goal is going to be, it stands to reason that I don't want to create another force downward that they're going to have to manage when they can't manage the first one. So it might be that you take any external load away.

Because they're expanding straight down.

They're expanding straight down, right? So the pelvic diaphragm is most likely eccentrically oriented. And so they're going to follow where the expansion goes. So more often than not, when you see that acceleration, it's somebody that cannot produce enough concentric orientation to resist or reverse directions. So if anybody, since we went over everybody's PR deadlift, let's put a PR squat on your back for a second. If you've ever had a scenario where you sat down into a very, very heavy squat and you started to come up and you went right back down, that's the same scenario. It's not that you don't have concentric orientation. You just can't produce enough pressure to overcome the downward forces that are associated with the external load and the internal pressures at the same time. So it's literally the same scenario. So what would you do under those circumstances to raise your ability to come up out of that deep squat with a very, very heavy load? It's the same strategy that you're going to use for anybody else. So do they have to back squat? Is there a reason that they would have to back squat? If there isn't, then what I would do is establish some element of control in a position that you can be successful first and foremost. So if I want to make a pretty squat first, which is probably under most circumstances what your goal is going to be, it stands to reason that I don't want to create another force downward that they're going to have to manage when they can't manage the first one. So it might be that you take any external load away.

Or even like strapping a band to a pull-up bar and unloading it, no?

You can definitely do that, right? So there's a few ways to do that. But yeah, that's what a reverse band type of the squat is: to reduce the downward forces that are associated with the load. Velocity has demonstrated using an expansion-based external rotation strategy. Internal rotation and compression slow down time. They literally just slow it down. So you can't be as fast as you produce for. Since you and I talk baseball all the time, if I'm trying to throw a baseball 90-plus miles an hour, I better not be in a concentric orientation for very long because all I'm going to do is slow myself down. The idea is just to be prolific. And that's how the good ideas arise. I talk about Dolly Parton a lot. I'm a fan of her. I'm not a fan of her music, because she has constructed something like all by herself. But there's a documentary on Netflix about her, and she has written over 3,000 songs in her career. My point is, she wrote 3,000 songs, but we can only talk about maybe four or five, and yet we all know who Dolly Parton is. Right? So, it's not about the fact that she wrote 3,000 great songs that will live forever. It's the fact that she wrote 3,000 songs and these five will stick in everybody's head forever.

Let's get into some of the numbers and talk about why they don't matter. And then we're going to talk about the best way to go about utilizing this element of structure as to where it lies on the scale of importance. So from a history standpoint, the physical structure's been around for a long time. We've paid attention to it for a really long time. So let me show you a little representation there. So you can see the differences in the physical structure. This is the slender and the stocky types from Joel Goethwaite's book, 'Body Mechanics', originally published in 1934. So we've been talking about this kind of stuff for a really, really long time. Fast forward to the 1980s and you've got like Upleasure talking about it. You've got even the Ralfers were talking about the differences in structure. Leading to the 2000s, Shirley Sarman talked about it in her books as well. And there's use in some of her reductionist approach to that. There's a couple of practitioners in New Zealand that have actually registered a trademark. So they named the inferestional angle. They gave it a funny name and then they registered the trademark. Nobody really cares about it because nobody uses that name as far as I know. And then if we get close to the 2020 here, there's been a couple Korean studies where they were looking at ISAs and they're trying to find a good way to measure it. And they're trying to find sort of like some averages or some sort of weird optimal. And then they were trying to determine inter-rater reliability, which turned out to be very, very high inter-rater reliability. So that's good for us because it gives us an opportunity to say, okay, we're all going to be pretty good at determining what is a wide and what is a narrow. But where do these numbers come from? So Shirley Sarman participated in this study with another practitioner I'm assuming named Zeller in 1983. It's in a supplement from the physical therapy journal, which apparently doesn't exist. I can't find it anywhere. But they talked about 83 degrees as some sort of average or optimal or something weird like that. I think the Koreans found something that was just shy of 90 degrees. And so it's almost like they said, okay, well, it's kind of like that. So let's just say 90 is the standard. And so a lot of people are using 90 as the standard. The New Zealanders are using 90 as the standard. But I think it's a little bit of horse hockey. It's kind of like just throwing a dart at a dart board and going, oh, 90. Okay, we'll call it that. Because there's really no foundation for it. It doesn't really represent anything useful for us to try to chase a number and say that this is optimal. This is the standard and we need to push people towards this because again, it's just not very useful.

This is the standard and we need to push people towards this because again, it's just not very useful. The one number that I've used and talked about is the 108 thing. And where that comes from, Zoe, is from tube behavior. So Graham Scar did some work in 2013, and he was looking at the helical orientation of a tube. I don't think you can see this very well. So I got helices drawn on a tube. And so the helical angle is where everything crisscrosses, right? So it looks like an ISA, and then they measure from the vertical. And what he found was that when you have an angle from the vertical at about 54.44 degrees, I have a tube that can elongate and expand in both directions equally. And so what that would be representative of somebody that would have, say, the ability to inhale, the ability to exhale effectively. And then we say, well, there's the optimal. But the reality is it's like, no, that's just somebody that has that capacity when they have that kind of an angle. So chasing it is useless because trying to trying to put somebody into a standard is like trying to change somebody's height or their shoe size and say, oh, I'm sorry, sir, you're six foot six. You're way too tall. If we can make you six foot three, you'll feel so much better. And so we can't look at this thing as something like that. So we're not chasing an optimal. We're not chasing a standard. And we're not chasing a number. Get the numbers out of your head, except for one reason. And I'll tell you that here in just a minute. So what comes out of all this stuff, so all the people that came before us had bits and pieces of information that are very, very useful. But you got to look at a whole bunch of resources and then try to bring them together. And that's kind of what I did when I constructed the wide ISA and narrow ISA archetypes is I was looking for the behavioral bias that would help me determine what the best intervention for this person is to restore some capacity of adaptability and so what the ISA represents is one small piece of a big puzzle because what it represents is the structural element that this person will be biased for for life. It is a genetically determined structural element that will tell me what type of muscle activity they're going to be biased towards. It tells me what type of breathing strategy they're biased towards. It tells me concentric, eccentric orientation. Are they biased towards internal and external rotation? And so that's why my archetypes are so important for me because it allows me to determine the best possible intervention that's gonna restore the adaptability. I'm not trying to chase a number.